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Table 2 Three-month assessment of microbial death at 15 s for alcohol solutions at different pHs

From: Designing an ideal alcohol-based hand sanitizer: in vitro antibacterial responses of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol solutions to changing composition

pH

Alcohol

Microbial death (%)

S. aureus

E. coli

Fresh

3 months

Fresh

3 months

1.0

Ethanol

55.39 ± 1.29

8.83 ± 0.97*

97.39 ± 0.52

95.92 ± 0.90

Isopropyl alcohol

76.23 ± 0.93†

59.68 ± 2.02*†

37.75 ± 0.91†

−3.97 ± 1.74*†

4.0

Ethanol

52.45 ± 0.93

7.23 ± 0.93*

73.92 ± 0.71

62.25 ± 1.23*

Isopropyl alcohol

83.70 ± 1.18†

65.93 ± 0.93*†

81.86 ± 1.19†

75.51 ± 0.68*†

5.0

Ethanol

57.60 ± 1.66

7.23 ± 0.93*

84.69 ± 0.68

76.98 ± 0.86*

Isopropyl alcohol

52.94 ± 1.10†

27.33 ± 0.93*†

48.07 ± 0.52†

17.01 ± 4.14*†

6.0

Ethanol

100.00 ± 0.00

98.28 ± 0.57

99.09 ± 0.52

94.90 ± 0.68*

Isopropyl alcohol

45.10 ± 0.93†

28.18 ± 2.09*†

56.69 ± 0.86†

14.97 ± 0.68*†

7.0

Ethanol

94.61 ± 0.93

88.11 ± 0.93*

85.60 ± 0.86

77.89 ± 1.02*

Isopropyl alcohol

97.06 ± 0.74

92.04 ± 0.76*†

93.20 ± 0.68†

90.03 ± 1.37†

9.0

Ethanol

32.47 ± 1.29

7.23 ± 0.93*

48.07 ± 1.04

2.04 ± 0.68*

Isopropyl alcohol

61.64 ± 1.66†

24.51 ± 3.08*†

79.02 ± 0.71†

67.69 ± 0.68*†

  1. Values represent means ± SD. Values with * indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05) from fresh sample for the same alcohol/pH/organism. Values with † indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05) from ethanol for the same pH/organism/test time. N = 3