Fig. 3From: Incorporating random effects in biopharmaceutical control strategiesStandardized fixed and random effect sizes are contrasted for each unit operation. A unit operation contains models for 11–22 CQAs, and their respective fixed and random effect distributions are shown as box plots. To create comparable measures of effect size, normalized data were used to fit the models, and the effects were divided by the RMSE. Note that for several unit operations, the median random effect is even larger than the median fixed effectBack to article page