Fig. 4From: Incorporating random effects in biopharmaceutical control strategiesVariance ratios (random variance/residual variance) are shown per unit operation on a logarithmic scale. For each model in a unit operation, the ratio between random and residual variance is calculated and the resulting distribution illustrated as a box plot. As random effect size increases, so does its contribution to variance — in some cases, the random contribution to variance is many times as large as the residual varianceBack to article page