Fig. 6From: Incorporating random effects in biopharmaceutical control strategiesPAR for a randomly picked parameter calculated from case study data. Due to the contribution of the random effect, the interval based on LMM variance components (right) is wider than its OLS counterpart (left). This results in smaller PAR (gray area) and a more conservative control strategy. In this example from the case study, the OLS PAR is 72% larger than the more conservative LMM PARBack to article page